Abstract
On any given day
in America millions of children are taking powerful anti-psychotic drugs to
treat alleged mental disorders such as ADHD. In many schools across the country
the teachers themselves have the power to suggest that a child has ADHD and
should be medicated based merely on the child’s behavior in the classroom.
(WebMD) In fact, there appears to be a correlation between ADHD diagnoses and
school performance assessments. In states where schools are held to performance
standards there are higher rates of ADHD. (Miller) This is because, according
to the Child Mind Institute, once a child has been diagnosed with ADHD their
test scores no longer contribute to the larger assessment. This gives them
incentive to identify and diagnose children with ADHD. It has also been determined
that in many instances, younger children are over diagnosed. This may because
they are younger than their peers and their behavior is due to this fact and
not a mental disorder. (Miller) ADHD is a controversial topic. There are people
in the psychiatric profession who are now insisting that it is not a real
disorder, and there are claims that it was simply made up to rake in profits
for drug companies. This paper will examine the symptoms of ADHD. Where they
come from, how they are assessed, and the effects of the powerful medications
being prescribed to our children.
America's Drugged Children
According the
Centers for Disease Control, over six million children as recently as 2016 have
been diagnosed with ADHD. (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) More than
300,000 of these children are less than five years old. (Center for Disease
Control and Prevention) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a mental
condition listed in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual. This is the manual used
by the psychiatric profession to diagnose mental illness. The DSM, first
published in 1952, (Child drugging: Psychiatry destroying lives) originally
contained only one hundred twelve diagnosable conditions. (Child drugging:
Psychiatry destroying lives) Today, that number has exploded to over three
hundred eighty. (Child drugging: Psychiatry destroying lives) All of which come
complete with a code used for billing insurance companies.
ADHD was first
added to the DSM in 1987. (Child drugging: Psychiatry destroying lives)
Throughout the first year alone over 500,000 children were diagnosed with the
disease. (Child drugging: Psychiatry destroying lives) According to an article
in the Indian Journal of Clinical Medicine, the founder of the disease, Dr.
Leon Eisenberg, made the shocking confession on his death bed that the disease
is not real. (Bhushan, 2013, p. 202) He stated that he made up the disease to
help the pharmaceutical companies rake in massive profits. (Bhushan, 2013, p.
202) The percentage of children said to have ADHD has risen roughly three
percent every year since 1997. (Armstrong, 1995) There is a financial
connection between those that diagnose mental health disorders and the
pharmaceutical companies. (Cosgrove, Krimsky, Vijayaraghavan, & Schneider,
L. 2006) The industry rakes in billions every year. (Cosgrove, Krimsky,
Vijayaraghavan, & Schneider, L. 2006) Is ADHD a made-up disease to generate
profits? How does diagnosing and drugging our children for the treatment of
ADHD affect them? Are we helping our children or causing them more harm?
What is Attention
Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? This is not an easy question to answer because
anyone of us, at any time during our lives could be displaying symptoms
synonymous with the alleged disease. The criteria, according to the ADD
Resource Center, is confusing and dependent upon time spent experiencing the
symptoms, and age. For example, children under the age of six need to show six
symptoms for a period of more than six months. If you’re between the ages of
six and seventeen you only need to show five symptoms. (The A.D.D Resource
Center) These symptoms include, but are not limited to, forgetfulness,
inability to sit still for long periods of time, inability to pay attention for
long periods of time, easily distracted, is often on the go and runs around
when it is inappropriate to do so. Don’t forget the fidgety hand tapping. (The
A.D.D Resource Center) Displaying these symptoms for a period of six months is
all it takes to have an individual labeled with ADHD and prescribed drugs. The
drugs most often prescribed are Ritalin and Adderall.
According to the
Citizens Commission on Human Rights, there are over three and a half million
children prescribed drugs like Ritalin and Alderall for ADHD alone. (Number of Children & Adolescents Taking Psychiatric
Drugs in the U.S.) The total number
for children taking drugs for all mental conditions surpasses seven million. (Number of Children & Adolescents Taking Psychiatric
Drugs in the U.S.) What is Ritalin? Ritalin is a powerful schedule II narcotic (Ritalin
Side Effects) that is classified as a controlled substance, the same as cocaine.
It is highly addictive and has been known to cause severe problems in children
taking it. These problems include psychological conditions which lead to more
drugging. Side effects include but are not limited to, cardiovascular and heart
problems, suicidal or homicidal thoughts, involuntary shaking, depression, and
cognitive impairment. (Ritalin Side Effects)
One of the most common causes of mental illness is commonly
referred to as a chemical imbalance. This theory first came about in the 1960’s
when Thorazine, the commonly prescribed drug at the time, was found to block
the brains dopamine production. (Whitaker, 2005, p. 25) This theory later proved
to be inaccurate. This is important because many people today still believe the
chemical imbalance theory (Whitaker, 2005, p. 25) when in fact, there was never
any significant signs that there were low levels of brain chemicals such as
serotonin in patients diagnosed with depression or schizophrenia before their
diagnoses. (Whitaker, 2005, p. 25) In fact, the
evidence, according to an article in the American Journal of Psychiatry,
suggests that the brain becomes more chemically imbalanced after the use of
psychotropic medications. (Hyman & Nestler, 1996, p. 161) Drugs like Prozac,
which are commonly prescribed to treat depression, inhibit the brains normal
functioning by reducing serotonin production by up to fifty percent. The result
is the creation of a condition in which the brain is functioning entirely
different from before the drugs were prescribed. (Hyman & Nestler, 1996, p.
161) In other words, the use of psychiatric drugs is contributing to higher
rates of mental illness. (Hyman & Nestler, 1996, p. 161)
When it comes to the issue of prescribing drugs like
Ritalin to children this is an important concept to understand. Just as there
is no conclusive proof that chemical imbalances are the root cause of any
mental illness, there is no conclusive test which proves ADHD exists as a
biological treatable disease. (The rise of ADHD: An educational psychology
perspective, 27 October, 2017) The diagnoses of such a disease is just as
controversial in adults as they are in children. (ADHD is a Fraud, 15 December
2018) There is no conclusive test which identifies any biological factor in the
brain which causes its symptoms. (ADHD is a Fraud, 2018, December 15) The
diagnoses are made purely from the perspective that the child’s behavior is
disruptive and at times, inattentive. (ADHD is a Fraud, 15 December 2018) The
cause of ADHD remains largely unknown just as the cause of other so-called
mental illnesses. (Whitaker, 2005, p. 25) Yet, we are prescribing drugs like
Ritalin to children as young as five years old.
In an interview with The Citizens Commission on Human
Rights, Israeli family practitioner Dr. Louria Shulamit states that ADHD
symptoms are so common they could be diagnosed in anyone, particularly boys, at
almost any given time. (Child Drugging) ADHD, according to Shulamit, does not
fit the standard definition of disease and is only diagnosed by its so-called
symptoms. (Child Drugging) This is a re-occurring theme that is heard over and
over. This statement backs up the research cited earlier stating that there is
no conclusive test which proves ADHD exists as a biological anomaly which is
identifiable and treatable like other medical diseases. Furthermore, Dr. Mary
Anne Block suggests that ADHD symptoms can be explained by other medical
problems that children may be suffering from such as allergies, which would
make concentration in school more difficult, or high intakes of sugar which
leads to higher rates of irritability and anxiety. (No More ADHD, 2009,
September 15) There is little doubt that some children suffer from low
attention spans and an inability to focus, however, labeling it a psychiatric
disorder when no test exists to prove its existence as a disease (No More ADHD,
2009, September 15) is not the way to go.
According to Dr. Tana Dineen, psychological disorders found
in the DSM, such as ADHD are not based on any real viable medical conditions
but the opinions of committee members who simply vote the disorder into
existence and add it to the DSM. (Dineen, 2001) These are the same committee
members who have financial ties to the pharmaceutical industry. (Cosgrove, Krimsky, Vijayaraghavan, & Schneider, L.
2006)
Our inquiry into the relationships between DSM panel
members and the pharmaceutical industry demonstrates that there are strong
financial ties between the industry and those who are responsible for developing
and modifying the diagnostic criteria for mental illness. The connections are
especially strong in those diagnostic areas where drugs are the first line of
treatment for mental disorders. Full disclosure by DSM panel members of their
financial relationships with for-profit entities that manufacture drugs used in
the treatment of mental illness is recommended. (Cosgrove, Krimsky,
Vijayaraghavan, & Schneider, L. 2006)
According to
Cosgrove et al, fifty-six percent of the one-hundred-seventy DSM panel members
had at least one financial link to the drug companies. (Cosgrove et al, 2006) This
is a huge conflict of interest. Furthermore, while the number one link was in
the form of research funding, forty- two percent, (Cosgrove et al, 2006)
thirty-eight percent of members were receiving funds for consulting and
speaking on behalf of the drug company in question. (Cosgrove et al, 2006)
Cosgrove et al notes the importance of the public as well as mental health
workers knowing about these financial ties because there is a “right to know”
what diseases, and the criteria they are based on, are being added to the DSM.
Because there is no specific testing method to detect ADHD and the psychiatric
industry is pushing powerful, mind altering drugs on American children, this
author agrees with Cosgrove et al’s conclusions. There should be full
disclosure of financial ties between DSM panel members and the drug companies
that rake in billions annually. These drug companies, according to Thomas
Armstrong, author of the book “The Myth of The ADHD Child” also financially
support nonprofit organizations such as CHAAD. (Children and Adults with
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) (Armstrong, 1995)
Children have been
diagnosed with symptoms which make up today’s ADHD diagnosis since the early
twentieth century. (Armstrong, 1995) It used to be called post encephalitic
behavior disorder. (Armstrong, 1995) This was after the worldwide encephalitis
outbreak after WWI. It was believed at the time that the children who survived
the outbreak were suffering from this disease. Later, in the 1940’s the term
“minimal brain damaged” was used because children who had allegedly suffered
from a brain injury were displaying symptoms synonymous with today’s ADHD.
(Armstrong, 1995) This term, according to Armstrong,
was also rejected a couple decades later as scientists could not identify any
brain damage in children displaying these symptoms. In 1968 the term describing
ADHD symptoms was hyperkinetic reaction of childhood and it was an official
diagnosis in the second edition of the DSM. (Armstrong, 1995) In the 1980’s, it
was then called ADHD and classified as an official psychiatric disorder.
(Armstrong, 1995) Again, what we are discussing here are behavior traits such
as inability to pay attention for long periods of time, an inability to sit
still and running around and being very hyper when it may not be appropriate to
do so. Do these sound like mental health symptoms children should be taking
drugs for, or is there something can account for this behavior?
Behavioral
neurologist Richard Saul is another doctor with experience treating people with
ADHD symptoms who simply states that the disease as defined by the psychiatric
profession does not exist. (Saul, 2014) Many of the ADHD symptoms, according to
Saul, can be explained by other medical conditions such as sleeping disorders,
poor vision or hearing, iron deficiency, allergies or even marijuana and
alcohol abuse. Saul places people suffering from ADHD symptoms into two
categories. Those who display a normal inattentiveness at times and those
suffering from other conditions. Drugs like Ritalin are not recommended for
either category. Instead, eating right, watching caffeine intake, exercise and
engaging your mind in something your passionate about are recommended courses
of action for the first category. (Saul, 2014) The other category usually finds
ADHD symptoms going away after the detection and treatment of another medical
condition. (Saul, 2014)
There may yet be
another explanation as to why so many children are seemingly displaying an
inability to pay attention. According to Armstrong, neurologists have
discovered that the brains of children who have been diagnosed with ADHD suffer
from slower development, but still develop the same as anyone else’s brain.
That is, the brain
of the child identified as ADHD is not a flawed brain, a broken brain, or a
disordered brain; it is a developmentally delayed brain. And this in turn means
that we should not be regarding children diagnosed with ADHD as suffering from
a neurological disorder but, rather, as manifesting a developmental difference.
(Armstrong, 2005)
As noted earlier,
the use of psychotropic medications is more responsible for so called chemical
imbalances in the brain than the symptoms of many mental disorders. Considering
the above information, drugging a child with powerful stimulants like Ritalin or
Adderall does not seem like the thing to be doing. If the above information is
true than we are causing more harm to children by giving them these drugs. Children
diagnosed with ADHD are also more likely to be users of illegal drugs.
(Armstrong, 2005) The drugs prescribed for ADHD are very addictive and prone to
abuse by users. (Armstrong, 2005) Furthermore, the drugs do not heal the
symptoms; rather, they cover them up. As soon as the effects of the drug wear
off, the symptoms return. (Armstrong, 2005) This is because, as demonstrated
throughout the duration of this paper, there has been no conclusive evidence
that ADHD exists as a biological disorder which can be identified and healed as
a typical medical condition would be. It does not exist as defined in the DSM.
As mentioned
earlier, drugs like Ritalin have been known to cause violent or suicidal
behavior in young children. According to an article published by the journal
Pediatrics, psychotic behavior is more likely to be prevalent in children
diagnosed with ADHD after taking medication. After conducting a study with
children diagnosed with ADHD, a higher percentage that were taking stimulant
type medications such as Ritalin, were showing signs of psychotic symptoms
compared to those that were not prescribed drugs. The conclusion is that the
drugs were a greater contributing factor than the ADHD diagnosis. (
Mackenzie, Abidi, Fisher, Propper, Bagnell, Morash-Conway,
Glover, Cumby, Hajek, Schultze-Lutter, Pajer, Alda & Uher. 2016, p. 4)
This backs up the research cited by Hyman & Nestler which states higher
rates of drug use to treat mental disorders create more mental disorders.
Furthermore, Mackenzie et al, was also able to establish, in a few patients,
the presence or absence of psychotic behavior during the use of psychotropic
medications. In other words, the psychotic behavior tended to subside when the
use of stimulant medication was stopped. (MacKenzie et al, 2016, p 4.)
The increased
prevalence of psychotic behavior among those taking stimulant medication has
been readily observed. Most of the recent mass shootings occurring in America
have been committed by people taking psychotropic medications. (Corsi, 2012,
December 18) While the debate rages between the need for stricter gun control
and more mental health treatment, the point being missed is the fact that those
committing the shootings are more often the ones that are being treated.
(Corsi, 2012, December 18) Three medications commonly associated with ADHD have
been linked in a study to over one thousand nine hundred cases of violent
behavior. (Moore, GlennMullen & Furberg, 2010, p. 2)
The Citizens
Commission on Human Rights has published a list of 36 high profile events which
involved teenagers on psychiatric medications committing murder. (36 School shooters/schoolrelated violence
committed by those under the influence of psychiatric drugs.) Twenty-two percent of these incidents
involved children taking drugs for ADHD. This certainly doesn’t mean that all
children taking drugs for an ADHD diagnosis will commit murder or other violent
acts, however, given the research cited earlier by Mackenzie et al, it is safe
to say these children would not have committed these crimes had it not been for
their medication. Dr. David Kirschner, writing for The National Psychologist
states that in thirty of the mass shooters he has evaluated, mental health
services were widely available but did nothing to deter the violent acts. Several
of the perpetrators were prescribed the ADHD drug Ritalin before committing the
murders. (Kirschner, 2014) According to Kirschner, the drugs prevent the brains
frontal cortex control mechanisms from functioning properly. This is what
contributes to or causes the violent behavior. This statement reinforces a
common theme throughout this essay. The use of psychotropic medications can
cause mental health issues as opposed to treating them.
There is
substantial evidence on both sides of the aisle arguing for or against the use
of psychotropic medications. Millions of Americans use them, and they claim
that it helps. There is also the evidence provided in this paper, which cannot
be discounted given the fact that we are dealing with life and death. “We
cannot just uncritically accept research methods as given to us in a valid form
by the social sciences.” (Sullivan & Porter, Central Works in Technical
Communication p. 300) The idea that psychotropic drugs are the only way to
treat people displaying symptoms of ADHD or other forms of mental disorders has
become too mainstream. (Dineen, 1998) A quick fix to deal with the anxiousness
and confusion we experience in the hectic world we live in. Given the evidence
that it leads to violent behavior in some people, a more thorough approach to
researching their use and benefits is in order. As the debate rages on between
increased gun control or better access to mental health treatment, the evidence
suggesting that perhaps it is the treatment contributing to the violence is
being ignored. Could this be due to the huge financial connections mentioned
earlier in the paper? John Horgan, writing for The Scientific American, cites
the work of Dr. David Healey. According to Healey, five percent of participants
walk out of clinical trials concerning psychiatric meds due to increased mental
agitation.
(Horgan, 2013) Healey believes this
increased mental agitation could be leading to the violent behavior. (Horgan,
2013) The Citizens Commission on Human Rights estimated that 41 million people
are taking psychiatric meds in the U.S. (Psychiatric Drugs: Create Violence
& Suicide School Shootings & Other Acts of Senseless Violence) That
equates to over two million people that could be experiencing increased mental
agitation. In many other situation’s, five percent of forty-one million is a
small, insignificant number, however, the consequences of two million people
potentially going crazy due to psychotropic drugs could be grave. It is
something that cannot be ignored.
In the book The
Myth of Mental Illness, Psychiatrist Thomas Szasz makes some interesting observations.
He states that much of the work in psychiatry is based purely on the fields
preconceived notions. “Actually, many
contemporary psychosocial concepts are defined in terms of the expert's
self-proclaimed intentions, interests, and values. Virtually all current
psychiatric concepts are of this sort.” (Szasz, p. 3) Because there is no
scientific proof that mental illness exists as a biological disease, there is a
need to legitimize psychiatry as a medical profession. Szasz states that the
field of psychiatry, attempting to be a legitimate medical practice, has been
fundamentally disloyal to its patients from the perspective that they cannot
admit they have no understanding of the root causes of so-called mental
illness. (Szasz, p. 5) “Imitating medicine comes before telling the truth.” (Szasz,
p. 5) There is something to be said here because as stated earlier,
overwhelming evidence is being ignored. In fact, it could be argued that
despite the evidence available there is an increased demand for the use of
psychotropic drugs to treat violent behavior while ignoring the evidence which
suggests the drugs are causing it.
Perhaps there is a
larger problem. One that is being overlooked altogether. Man, in religious
terms, has long been thought to be in control of his own behavior. The fields
of psychology and psychiatry have their roots in evolutionary beliefs. The idea
that man is an animal as opposed to a spiritual being has dominated the
profession. Wilhelm Wundt, founder of experimental psychology (Child Drugging:
Psychiatry Destroying Lives) stated that man’s behavior and thought patterns
should not be viewed any differently than they would be in any other animal.
(Wundt, Lectures on Human and Animal Psychology, p. 5) Furthermore, he states
that any study undertaken of the human mind must be done as an experimental
science or else we would never be able to identify any so-called psychological
problems. (Wundt, Lectures on Human and Animal Psychology, p. 8) This gives
Thomas Szasz’s quote more meaning. “Actually, many contemporary psychosocial
concepts are defined in terms of the expert's self-proclaimed intentions,
interests, and values. Virtually all current psychiatric concepts are of this
sort.” (Szasz, p. 3) Behavioral psychologist B.F. Skinner, founder of the
operant conditioning theory stated something similar in his book “Beyond
Freedom and Dignity.”
"In what we may call the pre-scientific
view (and the word is not necessarily pejorative) a person's behavior is at
least to some extent his own achievement. He is free to deliberate, decide, and
act, possibly in original ways, and he is to be given credit for his successes
and blamed for his failures. In the scientific view (and the word is not
necessarily honorific) a person’s behavior is determined by a genetic endowment
traceable to the evolutionary history of the species and by the environmental
circumstances to which as an individual he has been exposed. Neither view can
be proved, but it is in the nature of scientific inquiry that the evidence
should shift in favor of the second. (Skinner,
101)
Maybe the answer
to America’s mental health crisis is shifting away from studying man from a
scientific perspective and returning to the idea that we are spiritual beings
created in God’s image. Looking at man through what Skinner has deemed the
scientific viewpoint is resulting in nothing less than the dehumanization of
people. We have tried using drugs to correct behavior what we haven’t tried is
returning to our Christian as a nation.
Mackenzie, L.,
Abidi, S., Fisher, H., Propper, L., Bagnell, A., Morash-Conway, J., Glover, J.,
Cumby, J., Hajek, T., Schultze-Lutter, F., Pajer, K., Alda, M., & Uher, R.
(2016) Stimulant Medication and Psychotic Symptoms in Offspring of Parents With
Mental Illness.
Pediatrics (137) P. 4 Retrieved from
https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/137/1/e20152486.full.pdf
Sullivan, P.
& Porter, J. (2004) On theory practice and method: Toward a heuristic
research methodology for professional writing. Retrieved from Central works
in technical communication by Johnson-Eilola, J. & Selber, S. A. Oxford
University Press. New York
36 School shooters/school related violence
committed by those under the influence of psychiatric drugs (N.K.D) The
Citizens Commission on Human Rights Retrieved from https://www.cchrint.org/school-shooters/